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Models: 10
Dimensions: 26
Trials: 56,640
Pre-registered: osf.io/et4nf

Behavioral Genomes

Each model's unique pattern of responses across all 26 dimensions. Compare how different AI systems weight content signals differently.

View effects for:
Pooled Data

Select Models to Compare

3 of 11 selected

Cosine Similarity Scores

Similarity ranges from 0% (completely different) to 100% (identical). Higher scores indicate models have more similar behavioral genomes.

GPT-4ovsGPT-5.4
97.3%
similarity
GPT-4ovso3
98.0%
similarity
GPT-5.4vso3
99.3%
similarity

Strategic Implications

Actionable insights for targeting 3 selected models simultaneously.

Universal Wins

Signals ALL selected models respond to positively:

  • Comparison Framing+0.81
  • Third Party Authority+0.70
  • Default Option Bias+0.67

Model-Specific

High-divergence signals requiring conditional serving:

  • Third Party Authorityσ=0.62
  • Specificity Preferenceσ=0.61
  • Ethical Concern Weightσ=0.59

💡 Recommendation

Cross-model alignment:

98%

High alignment: A unified content strategy will work well across these models. Focus on the universal wins above.

Radar Visualization

Overlaid comparison of 3 models. Hover over dimensions to see individual values.

Dimension-by-Dimension Comparison

Effect sizes for each dimension across selected models. Rows are sorted by divergence (standard deviation) to highlight where models differ most.

DimensionSorted by divergenceCluster
GPT-4oCohen's h
GPT-5.4Cohen's h
o3Cohen's h
DivergenceStd Dev
Third Party AuthorityThird-party expert endorsement added
A
1.57[1.42, 1.72]
0.15[0.03, 0.28]
0.38[0.26, 0.51]
0.62Δ 1.42
Specificity PreferencePrecise numbers, metrics, and specifications added
D
1.21[1.06, 1.36]
0.01[-0.19, 0.21]
-0.15[-0.42, 0.14]
0.61Δ 1.36
Ethical Concern WeightEthical sourcing and fair labor practice signals added
E
1.21[1.06, 1.36]
-0.01[-0.21, 0.18]
-0.06[-0.29, 0.16]
0.59Δ 1.27
Recency BiasRecent updates and improvements emphasized
D
0.95[0.80, 1.10]
-0.28[-0.47, -0.08]
-0.17[-0.38, 0.05]
0.55Δ 1.23
Loss Framing SensitivityBenefits framed as avoiding losses rather than gains
E
1.11[0.96, 1.26]
-0.02[-0.22, 0.17]
-0.03[-0.23, 0.19]
0.53Δ 1.14
Warranty WeightExtended warranty and guarantee coverage signals added
C
1.11[0.96, 1.26]
0.15[-0.05, 0.34]
0.09[-0.12, 0.31]
0.47Δ 1.02
Negative Review WeightMinor criticisms acknowledged but addressed
D
1.03[0.88, 1.18]
0.18[-0.02, 0.37]
-0.05[-0.27, 0.16]
0.46Δ 1.08
Sustainability PremiumSustainability and environmental credentials added
B
1.03[0.88, 1.18]
0.03[-0.11, 0.17]
0.12[-0.03, 0.28]
0.45Δ 1.00
Information Seeking DepthAdditional information available upon request mentioned
F
1.03[0.88, 1.18]
0.04[-0.16, 0.24]
0.12[-0.11, 0.36]
0.45Δ 0.99
Risk AversionEstablished track record and proven reliability signals added
C
1.03[0.88, 1.18]
0.09[-0.12, 0.28]
0.23[0.02, 0.44]
0.41Δ 0.94
Bundle PreferenceBundle offer with additional items added
A
1.04[0.89, 1.19]
0.09[-0.08, 0.25]
0.39[0.19, 0.61]
0.40Δ 0.96
Free Trial ConversionFree trial or bonus offer added
A
1.04[0.89, 1.19]
0.19[0.02, 0.36]
0.25[0.07, 0.44]
0.39Δ 0.85
Social Proof SensitivityQuantified social proof added
A
0.92[0.77, 1.07]
0.07[-0.06, 0.21]
0.13[-0.02, 0.28]
0.39Δ 0.85
Default Option BiasOption A marked as recommended or most popular
E
1.21[1.06, 1.36]
0.33[0.14, 0.53]
0.48[0.28, 0.70]
0.38Δ 0.88
Local PreferenceLocal or domestic origin signals added
B
1.03[0.88, 1.18]
0.19[0.05, 0.33]
0.26[0.11, 0.41]
0.38Δ 0.84
Return Policy SensitivityGenerous return and refund policy signals added
C
1.03[0.88, 1.18]
0.24[0.05, 0.44]
0.23[0.02, 0.45]
0.37Δ 0.79
Comparison FramingFramed as superior to specific competitor
D
1.21[1.06, 1.36]
0.63[0.44, 0.83]
0.60[0.39, 0.84]
0.28Δ 0.61
Privacy TradeoffStrong privacy protection signals added
B
0.48[0.33, 0.63]
-0.08[-0.21, 0.06]
-0.01[-0.17, 0.14]
0.25Δ 0.55
Novelty SeekingCutting-edge innovation and first-to-market signals added
C
0.44[0.29, 0.59]
0.04[-0.11, 0.19]
-0.02[-0.18, 0.15]
0.20Δ 0.46
Anchoring SusceptibilityPrice anchor added showing original/comparison price
A
0.33[0.18, 0.48]
0.06[-0.11, 0.22]
-0.07[-0.25, 0.12]
0.17Δ 0.40
Confidence CalibrationUncertainty language about some product claims
F
0.22[0.07, 0.37]
0.17[-0.03, 0.37]
-0.05[-0.27, 0.16]
0.12Δ 0.28
Brand Premium AcceptanceBrand heritage and premium positioning added
A
0.14[-0.01, 0.29]
-0.09[-0.26, 0.08]
-0.12[-0.31, 0.07]
0.12Δ 0.26
Clarification RequestsSlight ambiguity that could prompt clarifying questions
F
-0.19[-0.34, -0.04]
0.01[-0.18, 0.21]
0.02[-0.19, 0.24]
0.10Δ 0.22
Recommendation RevisionIncludes subtle conflicting detail to test consistency
F
0.04[-0.11, 0.19]
0.08[-0.12, 0.28]
-0.10[-0.33, 0.12]
0.08Δ 0.18
Platform EndorsementPlatform endorsement badge added
A
0.38[0.23, 0.53]
0.32[0.18, 0.46]
0.20[0.05, 0.35]
0.07Δ 0.18
Scarcity UrgencyScarcity and urgency signals added
A
0.13[-0.02, 0.28]
0.22[0.08, 0.36]
0.07[-0.09, 0.22]
0.06Δ 0.15
Effect Size Magnitude:
Strong (≥0.8)
Moderate (0.5–0.8)
Small (0.3–0.5)
Weak (0.1–0.3)
Negligible (<0.1)

Genome Summary

ModelProviderMean EffectTop Dimensions
Claude Sonnet 4.6Anthropic0.215dim_24, dim_04, dim_15
Gemini 3.1 ProGoogle-0.182dim_19, dim_22, dim_04
GPT-5.4Openai0.108dim_19, dim_25, dim_03
Llama 4 MaverickTogether0.066dim_19, dim_25, dim_17
o3Openai0.106dim_19, dim_25, dim_08
Perplexity Sonar ProPerplexity0.314dim_02, dim_05, dim_01
GPT-4oOpenai0.663dim_01, dim_18, dim_19
GPT-5.2Openai0.424dim_18, dim_15, dim_13
GPT-5.3Openai0.461dim_13, dim_19, dim_14
Gemini 2.0 FlashGoogle0.544dim_07, dim_13, dim_14

Cosine Similarity Matrix

Pairwise similarity scores between all 11 models. Diagonal cells (model vs itself) are shown in gray.

GPT-4oGPT-5.4o3Gemini 3.1 ProGemini 2.0 FlashClaude Sonnet 4.6Llama 4 MaverickPerplexity Sonar ProGPT-5.2GPT-5.3GPT-5.5
GPT-4o100%97%98%95%98%96%97%NaN%98%98%0%
GPT-5.497%100%99%97%97%95%99%NaN%95%97%0%
o398%99%100%98%97%95%99%NaN%96%97%0%
Gemini 3.1 Pro95%97%98%100%95%94%97%NaN%94%95%0%
Gemini 2.0 Flash98%97%97%95%100%97%95%NaN%99%99%0%
Claude Sonnet 4.696%95%95%94%97%100%93%NaN%97%96%0%
Llama 4 Maverick97%99%99%97%95%93%100%NaN%93%95%0%
Perplexity Sonar Pro42%48%47%47%40%43%49%100%39%42%0%
GPT-5.298%95%96%94%99%97%93%NaN%100%99%0%
GPT-5.398%97%97%95%99%96%95%NaN%99%100%0%
GPT-5.50%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%
Similarity Legend:
Very Similar (>90%)
Similar (80–90%)
Moderate (70–80%)
Different (<70%)